dos. Product and methods
Data were collected using the WBQ tool from in the area of Athens, Greece from 473 individuals aged 16–86 (42 ± 18 years) (221 males) in summer and from 511 individuals aged 16–86 (38 ± 20 years) (245 males) in winter, stratified by age and sex according to the Hellenic Statistical Authority . All volunteers were informed on the objectives of the study and the procedures involved and signed an informed consent. The retrieved data were confidential, and the study followed the ethical considerations provided by The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The WBQ incorporates a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire validated to record energy intake against three-day diaries (p < 0.001)>
In particular, the new WBQ brings: (A) study towards the reputation of your new member; (B) recording of usage to your time of the earlier month from strong and fluid restaurants, liquid otherwise beverages off a semi-decimal dining regularity questionnaire (FFQ) out of 58 products confirmed to possess estimating opportunity consumption and the a lot more sugar and you will honey that’s put into products; and you will (C) estimation regarding physical exercise along with their this new Globally Physical working out Survey (IPAQ) , and therefore records lifetime of physical activity during the three hobby accounts (serious, reasonable, lightweight take action) otherwise sedentary conditions. New IPAQ might have been confirmed before because a combination-federal appliance to own recording exercise [20,21,22] and also to estimate opportunity expenditure.
The energy and water posts regarding registered delicacies and beverages is actually examined utilising the Diet plan Study Along with (Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc., Belmont, Ca, USA), and therefore uses constitution research on the USDA Federal Nutrient Database and you may chose Greek dinners (we.e., mousakas, pastitsio, Greek yoghurt, lentiles beans soups, several Greek pies, souvlaki, stuffed tomatoes) . Based on overall energy consumption and effort cost, energy harmony was evaluated as well.
Within study, “drinks” describes fresh fruit liquid or manufactured juices 100% instead glucose content, sugar-sugary drinks (SSDs) (fruit nectar that have glucose, carbonated drinks that have sugar and energy/isotonic products), low-calorie soft drinks, teas and you can herbal infusions, milk (all types of dairy, chocolates dairy and you may cocoa drink), milkshake and you may sherbets, coffee and coffee beverages, and you will liquor (alcohol, wine and all of kind of alcoholic drinks). “Take in energy consumption (DEI)” identifies energy consumption off products “total opportunity intake (TEI)” in order to opportunity intake out of all of the offer and you may “opportunity consumption from foods” so you can time consumption out of solid and you will fluid ingredients (elizabeth.g., soups). The contribution away from beverages groups in order to total energy consumption (analysis off Malisova ainsi que al. 2013), demonstrated due to the fact full water intake (TWI), i.e., liquids of beverages, drinking water, strong and you will fluid ingredients so when take in intake of water (DWI), i.e., h2o regarding products and h2o.
step 3. Mathematical Research
Email address details are exhibited due to the fact mean ± sd towards normally distributed variables and you can median (P25–P75) to the skewed of them. Normality is looked at using the likelihood–opportunities spot (P–P patch) and you can histograms. Differences when considering individuals regarding your total opportunity intake, time out of products, energy away from food, energy expense, time harmony, drinking habits, h2o from liquid and you will drinks, h2o from beverages, water out of liquid, liquids out-of snacks, liquids loss and you will drinking water equilibrium was indeed reviewed toward independent test t-try on typically distributed parameters and Mann-Whittney You-sample towards the skewed of them. Likewise, differences between the fresh new four quartiles of time out-of drinks have been examined on the one to-means ANOVA F-decide to try for the typically distributed parameters therefore the Kruskal-Wallis H Shot on the skewed of these. Relevance height is actually put from the 5%. Correlations within contribution off beverages so you can water intake when you look at the family relations to help you energy for the winter season and you can summer have been checked-out from have a glimpse at this link the Pearson’s or Spearman’s relationship coefficients having generally marketed otherwise skewed details. All the statistical analyses performed using PASW Statistics 18 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA).